Researchers use cells and biomedical materials as discrete materials. 3D bio printing technology to construct implants by layer-by-layer printing of biological materials, living cells, and other biologically active substances in vitro, which is expected to replace the repair mentioned above methods. Commonly used clinical and surgical methods include autologous/allogeneic bone and cartilage transplantation, vascularized bone transplantation, autologous chondrocyte implantation, mosaicplasty, and joint replacement. 5University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Chinaĭamage and degeneration to bone and articular cartilage are the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability.4Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.3Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.2Department of Additive Manufacturing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.1Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.Daoyang Fan 1 † Yafei Liu 1 † Yifan Wang 2 Qi Wang 3 Hao Guo 1 Yiming Cai 1 Ruipeng Song 1 Xing Wang 4,5* Weidong Wang 1*
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